Sankalp Institute

Guiding Students Towards Success Sankalp Institute is a premier coaching center in Garhwa, Jharkhand , founded by Ritesh Dwivedi . It provides top-quality guidance for competitive exams and shapes career paths with professional mentorship. Contact Information Address: Kali Sthan, Garhwa HO, Garhwa - 822114, Jharkhand Phone: +91 84346 24439 Email: sankalpins2022@gmail.com Website: sankalpinstitutegarhwa.online Leadership Ritesh Dwivedi , Founder & Managing Director, has built the institute with a mission to provide comprehensive education and coaching. His vision has helped Sankalp Institute become a leading educational center in Garhwa. Courses Offered Banking Exams: IBPS Clerk, SBI Clerk, IBPS RRB SSC Exams: SSC CGL, SSC CHSL Railway Exams: RRB NTPC, Group D Defence Services: Army, Navy, Air Force Civil Services: State PSCs, UPSC Student-Centric Approach Small batch...

1. Background The decline of the Mughal Empire and the prosperity of India attracted European trading companies. Main aim of Europeans: trade in spices, silk, cotton, indigo, and saltpetre . Gradually, these traders began interfering in Indian politics and eventually became rulers. 2. Portuguese (The First to Arrive) 1498 – Vasco da Gama reached Calicut (Kerala). Zamorin welcomed him. 1505 – Francisco de Almeida became first Portuguese Governor; introduced Blue Water Policy . 1510 – Albuquerque captured Goa, made it Portuguese capital. Introduced: tobacco, potato, maize, pineapple, cashew. 1612 – Defeated by English in Battle of Swally; decline started. Retained only Goa, Daman, Diu till 1961. 3. Dutch (Netherlands) 1602 – Dutch East India Company formed. 1605 – First factory at Masulipatnam (Andhra Pradesh). Important centers: Pulicat, Surat, Nagapattinam, Ch...

The discovery of the sea route to India was one of the most significant achievements of the Age of Exploration . It revolutionized global trade, strengthened European powers, and reshaped the political, economic, and cultural landscape of the world. Several economic, political, technological, and strategic factors motivated European nations, especially Portugal, to find a direct maritime route to India. 1. Economic Motivations India was a hub of luxury goods , including spices, silk, cotton, and precious stones . European demand for spices such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, and cardamom was extremely high. Overland trade routes were long and costly due to middlemen. Arab, Venetian, and Ottoman traders controlled most of the land trade, making goods expensive. By discovering a sea route, Europeans could bypass intermediaries , reducing costs and increasing profits. Portugal sought to monopolize the spice trade and gain wealth. 2. Challenges of Overla...