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Advent of Europeans in India – Complete Summary

1. Background

  • The decline of the Mughal Empire and the prosperity of India attracted European trading companies.
  • Main aim of Europeans: trade in spices, silk, cotton, indigo, and saltpetre.
  • Gradually, these traders began interfering in Indian politics and eventually became rulers.

2. Portuguese (The First to Arrive)

  • 1498 – Vasco da Gama reached Calicut (Kerala). Zamorin welcomed him.
  • 1505 – Francisco de Almeida became first Portuguese Governor; introduced Blue Water Policy.
  • 1510 – Albuquerque captured Goa, made it Portuguese capital.
  • Introduced: tobacco, potato, maize, pineapple, cashew.
  • 1612 – Defeated by English in Battle of Swally; decline started. Retained only Goa, Daman, Diu till 1961.

3. Dutch (Netherlands)

  • 1602 – Dutch East India Company formed.
  • 1605 – First factory at Masulipatnam (Andhra Pradesh).
  • Important centers: Pulicat, Surat, Nagapattinam, Chinsura.
  • 1759 – Defeated by English in Battle of Bedara; later focused on Indonesia.

4. English (The Most Successful)

  • 1600 – English East India Company established by Queen Elizabeth I.
  • 1613 – First factory at Surat with Jahangir's permission.
  • 1615 – Sir Thomas Roe sent to Jahangir’s court.
  • Important Centers: Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), Calcutta (1690).
  • Major Battles: Plassey (1757), Buxar (1764) – English became rulers of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, later expanded across India.

5. French

  • 1664 – French East India Company founded.
  • 1668 – First factory at Surat; HQ at Pondicherry.
  • Other centers: Chandernagore, Karaikal, Mahe, Yanam.
  • Carnatic Wars (1746–1763):
    • First War: 1746–1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
    • Second War: 1749–1754 – Dupleix defeated.
    • Third War: 1756–1763 – Battle of Wandiwash (1760): English victory.
  • French influence ended; remained in Pondicherry, Karaikal, Chandernagore, Mahe, Yanam till 1954.

6. Danish (Denmark)

  • 1616 – Danish East India Company formed.
  • 1620 – First settlement at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu), another at Serampore (Bengal).
  • 1845 – Sold all settlements to English.

7. Conclusion

  • Portuguese: first to arrive but declined soon.
  • Dutch: active for some time, later shifted focus to Indonesia.
  • French: competed with English in Carnatic Wars but lost.
  • English: became the most powerful, transforming from traders to rulers and establishing control over India.
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