Introduction: After Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the Mughal Empire entered a phase of decline. Successors were weak, often short-lived, and dependent on nobles, regional powers, and later the British. Despite political instability, arts and culture flourished. Key Features: Weak emperors with short reigns; succession disputes frequent. Influence of nobles, Sayyid Brothers, Marathas, and Europeans. Decline of central authority, finances, and military. Arts, music, and literature patronage continued. Gradual territorial losses to Marathas, Sikhs, and British. Causes of Decline: Court intrigues and factionalism. Weak leadership and short reigns. Financial strain and lavish spending. External invasions and regional uprisings. Rise of European trading companies, especially the British. Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712) Personal Life: Son of...